Frieze of the parthenon

Marble relief (Block XLVII) from the North frieze of the Parthenon. The frieze shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival, the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena. Like the southern branch of the procession, the northern branch comprises mounted horsemen, chariots, elders, musicians, pitcher-bearers, tray-bearers and figures leading sacrificial victims. As in the South ...

Created to adorn the upper part of the Parthenon temple, the frieze described in the above poem by Angelos Sikelianos, one of Greece’s greatest poets, is a beautiful piece of artwork. Some 80% of the original Parthenon frieze, sculpted in the fifteenth century, between 443 and 438 BC, remains intact, but much of it resides outside Greece.Other striking parts of the temples that have survived include the Parthenon Frieze. Only two and a half inches thick at its maximum depth it depicts a procession of 360 noble Athenians, as well ...About the frieze. The frieze of the Parthenon forms a continuous band with scenes in relief that encircles the upper part of the cella, the main temple, within the outer colonnade. The theme represented was the procession toward the Acropolis that took place during the Great Panathenaia, the festival in honour of the goddess Athena. The pediments and metopes illustrate episodes from Greek myth, while the frieze represents the people of Athens in a religious procession. Inside the building stood a colossal image of Athena Parthenos, constructed of gold …Golden ratios in the entablature of the Parthenon. One of the simplest constructions of the golden ratio is below. It divides a square at its midpoint and then with an arc creates a golden rectangle with the following properties: The height of the rectangle is the golden ratio of its width. The width of the square is at the golden ratio point ...British MuseumLondon, United Kingdom. This block was placed near the corner of the west frieze block II of the Parthenon, where it turned onto the north. The horsemen have been moving at some speed, but are now reining back so as not to appear to ride off the edge of the frieze. The horseman in front twists around to look back at his companion ... Parthenon - Sculptures, Acropolis, Athens: The sculpture decorating the Parthenon rivaled its architecture in careful harmony. The metopes over the outer colonnade were carved in high relief and represented mythical battles that alluded to the Greco-Persian Wars, in which the Greeks ultimately triumphed but not without losses of their own. On the east …

The frieze on the Parthenon encircles the entire building, extending around the top of each wall. In all, the Parthenon frieze was believed to have measured about 525 feet (160 meters) long and 3. ...About the frieze. The frieze of the Parthenon forms a continuous band with scenes in relief that encircles the upper part of the cella, the main temple, within the outer colonnade. The theme represented was the procession toward the Acropolis that took place during the Great Panathenaia, the festival in honour of the goddess Athena. Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Akropolis, Athens (Greece), 447-432 BCE (Greek, High Classical Period) Actually know the specific details of when individual parts were built. Parthenon was a mosque during the 17th century, was then blown up, finally became a ruin. East facade of the Parthenon, 447-332 BCE. Doric structure, metope and frieze.Each metope of the exterior Doric frieze of the Parthenon was carved with sculptural decoration. Each side of the building apparently had its own subject. Each subject depicted a battle. The general theme of each side is apparent, although the identification of the subject of specific metopes or groups of metopes is often debated. The Parthenon is the centrepiece of a 5th-century-BCE building campaign on the Acropolis in Athens. Constructed during the High Classical period, it is generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order, the simplest of the three Classical Greek architectural orders.The temple's harmonic proportions, precise construction, and lifelike sculptures have been ...Parthenon Frieze (Sculpture) Subject Description: The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it depicts, in some sense, a Panathenaic procession, part of the festival of the …The Church of Our Lady of Athens or Panagia Atheniotissa (Greek: Παναγία η Αθηνιώτισσα, lit. 'Panagia the Athenian') was a Greek Orthodox basilica adapted from the ruins of the Parthenon sometime in the 6th century CE. During the Frankish occupation of Athens the church became the Catholic archiepiscopal cathedral of Our Lady by Papal Bull in 1206.Golden ratios in the entablature of the Parthenon. One of the simplest constructions of the golden ratio is below. It divides a square at its midpoint and then with an arc creates a golden rectangle with the following properties: The height of the rectangle is the golden ratio of its width. The width of the square is at the golden ratio point ...

Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends, 1868 painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema. The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic frieze running around the exterior of the cella walls. The bas-relief frieze was carved in situ and is dated to 442–438. [citation needed]4.29. 7 ratings1 review. While the sculpted Ionic frieze of the Parthenon with its galloping horsemen and classically portrayed gods is reproduced in every art history text and has been much studied by scholars, no single book has yet been devoted to all its myriad aspects. This study by classical archaeologist and art historian Jenifer Neils ...The Parthenon is unique among Greek temples in having two friezes. In addition to the normal Doric frieze, it has a second, Ionic-style continuous frieze that runs all the way around the building at the top of the cella wall and over the inner columns of the porch. Parthenon, west portico. Ionic frieze seen though the peristyle columns.The Parthenon Frieze. The Parthenon frieze, which runs on a continuous line around the exterior wall of the cella, is 1 meter high and 160 meters long.The sculptures are executed in low relief and depict the people of Athens in two processions that begin at the southwest corner and parade in opposite directions until they converge over the door of the cella at the east end of the Parthenon. 30 juli 2022 ... The Parthenon frieze is a band of bas-relief sculptures running around the top of the Parthenon's naos. It depicts the Panathenaic Procession, a ...THE PARTHENON FRIEZE · Details. 192 pages. 120 duotone photographs · Description. The text accompanying Sokratis Mavrommatis' superb photographs proposes a new ...

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Above the frieze was a triangle shaped area with more sculptures called the pediment. Inside the temple was an inner chamber that housed the statue of the god or goddess of the temple. The Parthenon Source: Wikimedia Commons The most famous temple of Ancient Greece is the Parthenon located on the Acropolis in the city of Athens. It was built ...This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.: You are free: to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix - to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in ...The temple of Athena Nike featured beautiful sculptural decoration, including a typical continuous Ionic frieze, which on the eastern side represented a gathering of gods. On the southern wall, the sculptor decided to show a battle between Greeks and Persians, and on the remaining sides, battles between Greeks and other warriors.It depicted not a coherent story like the Parthenon frieze, but instead it was decorated with a number of Nike relief sculptures in various states of activity. The parapet was built after the temple was complete, perhaps as late as 410 BCE. ... The frieze was removed and placed in the Acropolis museum, and the temple dismantled completely once ...Marble metope from the Parthenon (South metope XXVII). This metope is from the eastern half of the south side of the temple. The South metopes in the British Museum show the battle between Centaurs and Lapiths at the marriage-feast of Peirithoos. A young Lapith, on the left, holds a Centaur's head from behind with his left hand, while preparing to deliver a blow with the other. The Centaur ...T1 - Alma-Tadema, Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends. AU - Prettejohn, EF. PY - 2009. Y1 - 2009. M3 - Chapter in a book. SN - 9781905462255. SP - 106. EP - 107. BT - Sculpture in Painting. A2 - Curtis, Penelope. PB - Henry Moore Institute. ER - Prettejohn EF.

The Parthenon frieze is the high-relief Pentelic marble sculpture created to adorn the upper part of the Parthenon's naos.Parthenon Frieze and the Sacrifice to Athena," AIA 8i (1977) 379-82, who plausibly identifies the maidens on the east face of the frieze as basket-bearers (kanephoroi) who, upon ap-proaching the altar on the Akropolis, had laid down their baskets. J. Boardman, "The Parthenon Frieze--Another View," in U. Hockmann and A. Krug, eds., Festschrift ...The Parthenon Marbles acquired by Elgin include some 21 figures from the statuary from the east and west pediments, 15 of an original 92 metope panels depicting battles between the Lapiths and the centaurs, as well as 75 metres of the Parthenon frieze which decorated the horizontal course set above the interior architrave of the temple. As such ...Root 1985 - CLSS 231 Power, Image, & PropagandaStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Early Archaic monumental stone statues followed Egyptian style very closely. This style can be described as ____., Evident in the absence of a pediment and a roof, the Temple of Apollo, Didyma, reflected the ability of Hellenistic architecture to ___., In the Archaic period the black-figure style of vase painting was replaced by ...The international campaign is naturally focused on the prominent Parthenon frieze and the majestic pedimental sculptures and metopes that adorn the barren walls of the Duveen Gallery. But the Parthenon “experience” in the British Museum is also punctuated by dismembered marbl’d forms in display cabinets, utterly divorced from their ...The Parthenon 3. Which of the following is a third-century Buddhist king known for posting his edicts at the top of monumental pillars? ... Doryphoros The Canon of Polykleitos Kouros Frieze. CONCEPT. The Human Figure in Greek Sculpture 23. The temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu is a classic example of a(n) _____, because of its use of huge entry gate. ...May 23, 2022 · “Much of the frieze was in fact removed from the rubble around the Parthenon,” the museum’s deputy director, Dr Jonathan Williams, told the annual meeting of the world heritage body’s ... The Parthenon is a resplendent marble temple built between 447 and 432 B.C. during the height of the ancient Greek Empire. Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, the Parthenon sits high atop a...Hitta Parthenon Frieze bildbanksfoto och redaktionellt nyhetsbildmaterial hos Getty Images. Välj mellan 806 premium Parthenon Frieze av högsta kvalitet.Which of the following is depicted in the Ionic frieze of the Parthenon? a. the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs b. the discus-throwing competition at the Olympics c. the procession at the Panathenaic Festival d. the fight between the gods and the giants. C. Upgrade to remove ads. Only $35.99/year. About us.

The ____ is the historical event that ushered in the beginning of the Classical period. defeat of Persian invaders of Greece by the allied Hellenistic city states. The rigidly frontal pose of archaic statues reflects the influence of ____. Egyptian. A female statue column used as an architectural support was known as a ____.

The iconic Parthenon in Athens has inspired many buildings around the world, including Walhalla, Germany’s hall of fame. Preserving historical memory and cultural …By contrast, the frieze (hidden between the exterior and interior colonnades) was left almost entirely intact, as were the high-up pediments. The differentiated treatment of the various sculptures on the Parthenon suggests negotiation between traditionalists and the more fervent of the contemporary Christians.The Parthenon sculptures exposed to direct sunlight were the focus of the Parthenon when viewed from the outside, but the Ionic frieze, as a part of the Parthenon cella, communicated the meaning of the temple in a mediated lighting condition - a temple as an artifact dedicated to the goddess Athena.As a friend of Pericles, Phidias was made responsible as general manager and supervisor for the rebuilding of the Parthenon, although the late 1st century CE Greek historian Plutarch gives the majority of the credit to architects Callicrates and Ictinus. The Acropolis and old Parthenon had been destroyed during the Persian Wars.The new structure was meant to represent the courage of the Greeks ...The architectural irregularities used in the construction of the Parthenon were meant to ____. ... What aspect of this work is NOT particular to Hellenistic art? use of the relief frieze format. Judging from the similarity between this work and another discussed in the chapter, this work can be determined to have been made in the _____ period.Marble relief (Block XLVII) from the North frieze of the Parthenon. The frieze shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival, the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena. Like the southern branch of the procession, the northern branch comprises mounted horsemen, chariots, elders, musicians, pitcher-bearers, tray-bearers and figures leading sacrificial victims. As in the South ...Marble relief (Block III) from the East frieze of the Parthenon. The frieze shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival, the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena. The East frieze shows the continuation of the pedestrian procession that features on the long north and south sides. For the first time in the frieze, however, female figures are shown, carrying the paraphernalia ...The frieze (carved in low relief) ran high up around all four sides of the building inside the colonnades. The metopes (carved in high relief) were placed at the same level as the frieze above the architrave surmounting the columns on the outside of the temple. ... Horsemen from the west frieze of the Parthenon, c. 438-432 B.C.E., 100cm tall ...

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About half of the surviving fragments of a 160-meter-long (520-foot) frieze of the Parthenon Temple are in the collection of the British Museum in London. Athens wants them back permanently, ...British MuseumLondon, United Kingdom. The procession pictured in the Ionic frieze of the Parthenon culminates on the east side of the building. Above the porch columns, at the approach to the great doorway, was placed an unusually long block of stone carved with a scene showing a folded cloth. This is thought to be the sacred robe or peplos of ...The Parthenon frieze, therefore, is unique (31), but N. is very convincing in arguing that it depicts a contemporary Panathenaic procession and is not a monument beset by 'omissions' and 'problems' of interpretation. Misconceptions derived from our fragmentary and late literary sources have been primarily responsible for producing this feeling ...6 sep. 2020 ... The Parthenon Frieze. A day or so ago I visited the British Museum – the first time for months. Of course, I had to book a timed slot, wear a ...The Parthenon frieze : The Parthenon's Images. Of course, Pheidias and his pupils also are responsible for the Parthenon's glamourous sculptures. Outside, the temple building is decorated by representations of the Panathenaia, a festival in honor of Athena; of her birth and her argument with Poseidon over Attica. There are friezes, reliefs ...Frieze Wrapping around the top exterior of the Parthenon is a frieze carved in low relief. Originally covering about 524 feet (160 meters), about half of it is now part of the Elgin Marbles in London.That museum has been purpose-built within view of the fifth century monument. It displays a portion of the surviving Parthenon frieze, with space left for the British Museum's sculptures.The ____ is the historical event that ushered in the beginning of the Classical period. defeat of Persian invaders of Greece by the allied Hellenistic city states. The rigidly frontal pose of archaic statues reflects the influence of ____. Egyptian. A female statue column used as an architectural support was known as a ____.Subject Description: The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it depicts, in some sense, a Panathenaic procession, part of the festival of the same name celebrated each year on the occasion of Athena's birthday. Beginning with the institution of Panhellenic games in 566/65 B.C., a more elaborate festival was held every ... ….

The frieze of the Parthenon is a continuous band with representations in relief that encircles the upper part of the cella, the main part of the temple within the outer colonnade. The theme represented was the procession to the Acropolis that formed part of the Great Panathenaia. The west side depicts the preparation for the procession.On 26 September 1687 Morosini fired, one round scoring a direct hit on the powder magazine inside the Parthenon. The ensuing explosion caused the cella to collapse, blowing out the central part of the walls and bringing down much of Phidias' frieze. Many of the columns also toppled, causing the architraves, triglyphs and metopes to come ...But, according to the British newspaper, Athens is determined to obtain the complete return and full ownership of its national treasures: a 75-meter frieze detached from the Parthenon, as well as ...Scholars mostly agree that the Ionic frieze on the Parthenon is a representation of the ____. Panathenaic procession Evident in the absence of a pediment and a roof, the Temple of Apollo, Didyma, reflected the ability of Hellenistic architecture to ____.THE PARTHENON . Ostensibly the greatest temple ever built for Athena, patron goddess of ancient Athens, the Parthenon was also a sculpture gallery whose exterior Ionic-style frieze and carved metopes carried meaningful messages aimed at the ancient city's populace, visitors and opponents. Erected after the Greeks' defeat of the Persians, at ...The frieze of the Parthenon is a continuous band with representations in relief that encircles the ... Each metope of the exterior Doric frieze of the Parthenon was carved with sculptural decoration. Each side of the building apparently had its own subject. Each subject depicted a battle. The general theme of each side is apparent, although the identification of the subject of specific metopes or groups of metopes is often debated. 29 aug. 2014 ... The Parthenon represents, for many, a golden age in human achievement: the 5th-century b.c. Greek flowering of democracy, sciences, and the arts ...Parthenon Frieze and the Sacrifice to Athena," AIA 8i (1977) 379-82, who plausibly identifies the maidens on the east face of the frieze as basket-bearers (kanephoroi) who, upon ap-proaching the altar on the Akropolis, had laid down their baskets. J. Boardman, "The Parthenon Frieze--Another View," in U. Hockmann and A. Krug, eds., Festschrift ... Frieze of the parthenon, The ____ by Praxiteles was one of the first statues to represent a female nude. Aphrodite of Knidos. The ____, which is possible the subject of the Parthenon's continuous frieze, was a procession held in Athens every four years. Panathenaia or Panathenaic Procession. The gigantomachy of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon alludes to a victory of the ..., However, it was not a temple, like the Parthenon, but rather an altar built in the Ionic order of Greek architecture. The Gigantomachy frieze is a remarkable example of Hellenistic sculpture overflowing with action, passion, and motion, with over 100 panels depicting gods in conflict with giants., The cella frieze of the Parthenon depicts this: Solved The frieze that decorated the Parthenon Solved According to scholars, __________ is the subject of the Parthenon Frieze (fig. 3.5)., The west frieze faced the entrance to the Acropolis, and shows the start of the Panathenaic procession. Consequently there is less speed and momentum in this part of the frieze, but the general sense of direction is from right to left. The scenes are of preparations are for the cavalcade on the north frieze., Thousands of craftsmen built the Parthenon in record time. In 447 BC, during the "Golden Age of Pericles", construction began on the Parthenon, the largest building on the Acropolis. The construction was carried out by the architects Iktinos and Kallikratis, while Pheidias had the task of general administrator. Athens was turned into a ..., The marble relief of the northern frieze of the Parthenon, created between 438-432 BC, shows a procession honoring the goddess Athena. The three horsemen depicted are shown in quite different ways, some in full attire with cloak and tunic, some unattired. The Parthenon was erected as a temple to the city goddess Pallas Athena Parthenos on the ..., The inner frieze of the Parthenon demonstrates this magnificence well. If Joan Breton Connelly in 'Parthenon and Parthenoi' (American Journal of Archaeology 100.1, 1996) is to be believed (as she ought to be), part of the frieze depicts the founding myth of Athens, in which the king Erechtheus and his wife Praxithea prepare to sacrifice ..., The Parthenon frieze. Explore the Parthenon frieze stone by stone or through its thematic units. This application gathers photographs and descriptions of all the frieze blocks preserved today in Greece and abroad. Both the general public and experts have the opportunity to discover the whole synthesis of this unique sculptural work of art., The Parthenon frieze by Pheidias, 5th century BC, The Acropolis Museum, Athens. The Classical Period in ancient Greece produced outstanding cultural and scientific achievements. The city of Athens introduced to the world a direct Democracy political system later adopted and adjusted by western governments like Great Britain, France, and the USA a thousand years later., The Parthenon frieze is the high-relief marble sculpture created to adorn the upper part of the Parthenon’s inner chamber of the temple. It was sculpted about 440 BC, and of the 160 m (524 ft) of the original Frieze, about 80 percent survive today. The rest is known only from the drawings made in 1674 before the Venetian bombardment ruined ..., Marble slab of the Amazon frieze of the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. It represents combats between Greeks and Amazons. This slab shows five figures, two Greeks and three Amazons, a horse and a figure carved across the join between two slabs (1019 and missing). On the left a mounted Amazon charges over a crouching Greek. The Amazon rides towards the left. Her right arm is raised, probably about ..., The Metopes of the Parthenon. The “ Metopes of the Parthenon” are the surviving set of what initially had been 92 square carved plaques of marble. They were originally located above the columns of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. Typically each metope depicts two characters in combat. The Metopes were part of the relief sculptures ..., For decades, Greek authorities have been arguing for the permanent return of the so-called Parthenon Marbles.About half of the surviving fragments of a 160-meter-long (520-foot) frieze of the ..., The Parthenon is one of the ancient world's most famous buildings and is thought to be a pinnacle of Greek art. Despite this, many of the Parthenon's chief artistic elements remain outside of Greek control. The marbles housed in the British Museum—sometimes referred to as the Elgin Marbles—were acquired by Sir Thomas Bruce, Earl of ..., The middle section was called the frieze. In the oldest style of Greek architecture (lasting roughly 750-480 BC), ... Parthenon Frieze: Definition & Patterns Parthenon Metope: Definition ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What subject appears on the Parthenon's ionic frieze?, Since its creation in the 5th century BCE, the Parthenon has served all of the following functions except:, What feature of this sculpture reflects the original placement in the Parthenon? and more., The Parthenon frieze, therefore, is unique (31), but N. is very convincing in arguing that it depicts a contemporary Panathenaic procession and is not a monument beset by 'omissions' and 'problems' of interpretation. Misconceptions derived from our fragmentary and late literary sources have been primarily responsible for producing this feeling ..., The frieze on the north side of the Parthenon depicts part of the procession formed by the people of Athens during the Panathenaic festival in honour of the protectress of the city, Athena. The procession's destination was the Temple of Athena Polias on the Acropolis. Its purpose was the transportation of the Panathenaic peplos destined to ..., The Parthenon. Built between 447 and 432 BCE, the Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the patron deity of Athens, and contained a huge twelve metre high cult statue of the goddess made of wood, ivory, and a whopping 1,140 kilos of gold.Constructed in the golden age of Pericles, the massive temple measures around 31 x 70 metres and …, Pheidias and the Frieze of Parthenon: Lawrence Alma-Tadema Nicknamed 'The Olympian' because of his aloof manner, Pericles brought a new authority and stability to Athenian politics. It was a ..., the way that the frieze of the Parthenon is seen. Any frieze on the outside of a building cannot be seen all at a single glance: at least half, and more normally three-quarters, of the frieze will …, The casts of the Parthenon frieze obtained by the Fogg in 1895 were made by Brucciani & Co. (Harvard University Art Museum archives : Brucciani correspondence 9 May 1895, 13 May 1895 and 10 July 1895). Publication History Domenico Brucciani, Catalogue of Sculpture, brochure (London, England, n.d.), pp. 11-13, Jan 22, 2018 · Phidias, the bearded sculptor, stands in front of the Parthenon Frieze, whose characters – human and equine alike – Alma-Tadema would have been able to study in detail in the British Museum ... , Find the perfect the parthenon frieze stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing., In 427 or 426, an earthquake apparently struck Athens, and struck hard, displacing some of the columns a few centimeters on the Parthenon. Around 295 a tyrant of Athens named Lachares actually ..., Marble relief (Block XLII) from the North frieze of the Parthenon. The frieze shows the procession of the Panathenaic festival, the commemoration of the birthday of the goddess Athena. This block shows three riders. We see two riders identically dressed in short tunic and a short chlamys pinned in one shoulder. The horsemen of the cavalcade on the …, 11) 118 linked the Parthenon frieze with Pericles' view of Democracy as expressed later in the Funeral Speech (Thuc. 2.35-46); and E. Gombrich associated the great awakening in Greek art with the dawn of Democracy, The Storyof Art15 (London 1989) 52, a view celebrated in recent years by the exhibition, By contrast, the frieze (hidden between the exterior and interior colonnades) was left almost entirely intact, as were the high-up pediments. The differentiated treatment of the various sculptures on the Parthenon suggests negotiation between traditionalists and the more fervent of the contemporary Christians., The Parthenon Marbles acquired by Elgin include some 21 figures from the statuary from the east and west pediments, 15 of an original 92 metope panels depicting battles between the Lapiths and the centaurs, as well as 75 metres of the Parthenon frieze which decorated the horizontal course set above the interior architrave of the temple. As such ... , Parthenon Frieze (Sculpture) Subject Description: The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it depicts, in some sense, a Panathenaic procession, part of the festival of the …, The frieze on the east side of the Parthenon shows the arrival on the Acropolis of the procession formed by the people of Athens during the festival of the Panathenaia in honour of the protectress of the city, Athena. The procession’s destination was the Temple of Athena Polias. Its purpose was the transportation of the Panathenaic peplos ..., 另外外部柱廊頂，中楣橫條上的多立克式排檔間飾（metopes）和內殿牆最上端的愛奧尼式中楣橫條（frieze）完工於公元前438年，帕德嫩神廟柱間壁與中楣橫條的豪華，讓學界認定神廟的功能是個金庫，在內殿後面的房間（opisthodomus）放置了雅典為首的提洛同盟獻金。, The traditional interpretation of the Parthenon frieze is that it depicts, in some sense, a Panathenaic procession, part of the festival of the same name celebrated each year on the occasion of Athena's birthday. Beginning with the institution of Panhellenic games in 566/65 B.C., a more elaborate festival was held every fourth year known as the ...