Kimberlite pipe

Jul 17, 2023 · Kimberlite chemical composition. Kimberlite is a potassic to ultrapotassic magnesium oxide-rich (15-27 wt. % MgO), silica poor (20-36 wt.% SiO 2) ultramafic rock. This rare rock is rich in volatiles, incompatible elements, and rare Earth elements (REE) and has considerable magnesium, iron, and calcium oxides.

The Sloan kimberlite in Colorado was mined on a trial basis in 1994, and some 9,034 diamonds weighing a total of 342 carats were recovered from 3,300 tons of rock excavated from a 614-ft adit. The largest diamond recovered from the Sloan kimberlite was 5.14 carats and was of partial gem quality. A full-scale open pit diamond mine was operated ...Buell Park Pipe, Arizona. July 2004 by Edgar B. Heylmun, PhD. One of the world’s largest kimberlite pipes is located on the Navajo Indian Reservation in northern Arizona. The pipe is larger than any diamond-bearing pipe in South Africa. It is 16 miles north of Window Rock, the capital of the Navajo Nation.Kimberlites Rocks are the most important source of diamonds in the world. 6,400 kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the world, of those about 900 have been classified as diamondiferous pipes, and of those over 30 have been economic for Diamond. The Kimberley, South Africa, was the first recognized and the source of the Diamond.The kimberlite field comprises an eastern and a western group consisting of 16 and 17 kimberlites, respectively. The eastern group was discovered by TCL in 1908 (Studt 1910) whilst the western group was only found in 1913 by Poulson (Fieremans 1953).The majority of the kimberlites are pipes and were originally evaluated by Société …The uppermost country rock is the Cresswell Limestone Member of the Winfield Limestone, and it is folded 0.1 mile west of the pipe, and the Stovall Limestone Member of the Winfield Limestone, which lies 11 feet stratigraphically below the Cresswell Limestone Member, is faulted near the kimberlite.Kimberlite eruptions start near the cratonic roots, at least 75 miles underground, and race upward at tens of feet per second — a fiery fury driven by an abundance of carbon dioxide and water.

Kimberlite pipes are subterranean funnel or carrot-shaped, breccia-filled geological structures. Most are overlain by maars (shallow crater lakes), taper at 80-85°C downward, and go as deep as 300-400m above the surface. They then terminate at root zones with irregularly shaped intrusions that transition to hypabyssal facie.The pipe (also called a diatreme) is filled with kimberlite, with or without diamonds (only 1 in 5 of the pipes at Kimberley contain diamonds). Just how many ...Kimberlite is a blue-ish rock that’s found almost exclusively in structures known as kimberlite pipes. Kimberlite itself is an igneous rock, and is considered a rare variant of peridotite. Those who are familiar with the formation of peridot know that peridotite is an olivine-rich stone that bears the semi-precious gemstone peridot.The Letšeng Diamond Mine comprises two ~91 Ma kimberlite pipes. An update of the geology is presented based on the 2012–2017 detailed investigation of open pit exposures and all available drillcores which included mapping, logging and petrography. Each of the steep-sided volcanic pipes comprises a number of phases of kimberlite with …Diagrammatic guide to terminology for kimberlite body morphology and pipe zones. Body outlines a, b and c are after Fig. 1 (from Scott Smith 2008b). In particular note that the term diatreme zone ...Kimberlite is a blue-ish rock that’s found almost exclusively in structures known as kimberlite pipes. Kimberlite itself is an igneous rock, and is considered a rare variant of peridotite. Those who are familiar with the formation of peridot know that peridotite is an olivine-rich stone that bears the semi-precious gemstone peridot.

Hot water tank piping systems play a crucial role in delivering hot water efficiently and safely throughout residential and commercial buildings. Copper piping systems have been widely used in plumbing for many years due to their durability...Hot water tank piping systems play a crucial role in delivering hot water efficiently and safely throughout residential and commercial buildings. Copper piping systems have been widely used in plumbing for many years due to their durability...May 18, 2022 · In contrast, in the Kimberley area of the South African highveld plateau, it is postulated that the Group 1 kimberlite pipes (~90–100 Ma) have experienced ~850 m of erosion, while the original surface associated with the older Group II (~120 Ma) pipes has been lowered by ~1250 m of erosion (Hanson et al. 2009). In all cases, these southern ... When the kimberlite or lamproite reaches the surface, the sudden release of magmatic gas and interaction with groundwater causes explosions, producing pipe-shaped diatremes filled with fragmented kimberlite and country rock. Most pipes have a small surface area, usually 50–500 m in diameter, but occur in clusters. Kimberlite is soft and ...The pipes erode as they and the surrounding rocks are attacked by weathering. Usually the diamond pipes erode somewhat more rapidly than the surrounding rocks and form bowl-shaped depressions. As the rocks erode, diamonds are released from the kimberlite. The kimberlite weathers to a yellowish product referred to as yellow ground.Sep 25, 2019 · Consequently, some—if not all—kimberlites are likely to have originated from at least this depth 7. Kimberlitic magmas have been erupting on Earth for at least 2.85 billion years (Gyr) 8, and ...

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Wehrlitic garnets in diamonds and kimberlite-hosted xenoliths 9,25 ... constraints from whole-rock and mineral chemical composition of deformed peridotite xenoliths from kimberlite pipe Udachnaya.Since the kimberlite pipes were initially covered by Lac de Gras, it was necessary to first construct dikes around the pipes to prevent water from flooding the open pits and underground mine workings. The A21 kimberlite pipe is also under the lake—its location is indicated by the blue dot. Photo courtesy of Diavik Diamond Mine. A moderately conductive thin overburden layer overlies the whole model. This model features most of the conductive kimberlite pipes known in Angola. The forward calculations are performed with the 3D CSIRO Samair Code (Raiche et al., 2007) using various model diameters of the kimberlite pipes ranging from 100 m to 500 m.Today, diamonds are mostly mined from kimberlite pipes, remnants of the ancient volcanoes that carried diamonds to Earth’s surface. About 200-250 tons of ore must be removed and processed to uncover a single one-carat gem-quality diamond. Out of all the diamonds found in kimberlite pipes, only 20-30% are gem-quality.The surface areas of kimberlite pipes are small, generally less than 1 sq km. In Africa and Australia, there may be crater-like shallow surface depressions called maars. They indicate some kimberlites. Younger African maars may be circled by a low ring of volcanic ejecta (tuff) of kimberlite composition.JERICHO KIMBERLITE. Jericho Kimberlite (8.4 cm across) - the diamondiferous Jericho Kimberlite is a cluster of 3 pipes discovered in the mid-1990s at Echo Bay, near the northern part of Contwoyto Lake, northern Slave Province, southwestern Nunavut Territory (near the border with the Northwest Territories), in the Canadian Arctic (~420 km north-northeast of the city of Yellowknife).

Sep 1, 2008 · Kimberlite pipe formation modelsThe processes that led to the formation of kimberlite pipes are still being debated. This is the consequence of the fact that no modern kimberlite eruption has been witnessed, and a complete volcanic edifice has not been preserved in the geological record. Location map of kimberlite pipes, clusters and fields in North America, with the mid-Cretaceous kimberlite corridor demarcated by white-dashed lines. The eastern (leading) edge of Farallon slab in central North America at 100 and 90 Ma (at 403 km depth) are shown as thick and thin black-dashed line, respectively [after Spasojevic et al., 2009].Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey. Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Description of a kimberlite pipe and possible.Structure of kimberlite pipes, petrography and mineralogy of rocks General description. Kimberlite pipe sizes vary from 0.3 ha to 100 ha and 160 ha. A typical diamond-bearing kimberlite pipe in Angola may consist of a crater, diatreme and root zone. The Catoca pipe is considered a good example (Fig. 4) of a pipe that contains each zone. The ...Hot water tank piping diagrams are essential for designing and installing an efficient and reliable hot water system in any residential or commercial building. The heart of any hot water system is the hot water tank.The Venetia kimberlite cluster comprises 14 kimberlite pipes on a surface area of 4km². The kimberlite pipes have been intruded in synform structure. The first kimberlite, known as K1, is kidney-shaped and is the biggest kimberlites ore body in the structure, with a surface area of 12ha.٢٨ ذو الحجة ١٤٣٧ هـ ... Kimberlite rocks are created inside the earth's crust in the form of perpendicular structures called kimberlite pipes. The latter constitute ...Winter can be a beautiful season, but it can also bring some harsh weather conditions. One of the most common problems homeowners face during this time is frozen pipes. The good news is that there are some simple DIY solutions you can imple...The Pipe-15 kimberlite: A new addition to the Wajrakarur cluster of the Wajrakarur kimberlite field, Eastern Dharwar craton, Southern India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, Vol. 86, Issue. 1, p. 71.Kimberlites are carbonate-rich volcanic rocks derived from low-degree melting of the mantle, which have a unique place in the Earth Sciences, because they represent the deepest sourced melts [>150 to 250 km; e.g., (1, 2)] and are the major host for diamonds.On their journey to the surface, kimberlite magmas entrain a range of mantle …

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Research on the kimberlites is part of a larger Survey study of the geology of the Manhattan quadrangle, a roughly 7,200-square-mile area in north-central Kansas. That study involves mapping the area’s bedrock geology, analyzing the deep subsurface, and looking at geologic hazards such as landslides. Generalized diagram of a kimberlite pipe.The mine consists of six kimberlite pipes of which two pipes, Arkhangelskaya and Karpinskogo-1, are currently being developed. The Arkhangelskaya pipe was discovered in 1980 and open-pit mining using conventional truck and shovel methods commenced in 2005. The Karpinskogo-1 pipe is located approximately 2km …Kimberlites Rocks are the most important source of diamonds in the world. 6,400 kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the world, of those about 900 have been classified as diamondiferous pipes, and of those over 30 have been economic for Diamond. The Kimberley, South Africa, was the first recognized and the source of the Diamond.This resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite becomes more massive, nonlayered kimberlite in the pipe and is often referred to as tuffisitic kimberlite breccia. This is the general kimberlite breccia present in many specimen collections. Hypabyssal kimberlite is a dense aphanitic (evenly fine-grained, non-breccia) rock occurring in the root zone.Petrogenesis of the crater-facies Tokapal kimberlite pipe, Indravati Basin, Central India. Geosci. Front. (2014) B.R ... Petrogenesis of the diamondiferous Pipe-8 ultramafic intrusion from the Wajrakarur kimberlite field of Southern India and its relation to the worldwide Mesoproterozoic (~ 1.1 Ga) magmatism of kimberlite and ...Figure 1 Plot of Δ 33 S and δ 34 S of inclusion populations from individual diamonds from the Orapa kimberlite pipe (red points). Two-sigma mean uncertainty estimates for each inclusion population are presented assuming that they are given by 0.12‰ ×n –1/2 and 1.4‰ ×n –1/2, respectively, where n is the number of points analyzed …Kimberlites originate from >150 km depth within Earth’s mantle beneath thick continental roots, away from tectonic plate margins. Kimberlite pipes can be significant diamond deposits, and the complex architecture revealed during exploration and mining is ascribed to repeated magma injections leading to multiple eruptions.Kimberlite is an ultramafic rock derived from the mantle. Diamonds crystallize in the mantle well below the crust but they are carried up into the crust by the rising kimberlitic magma. Only 1% of kimberlite is economic and these are almost always found in or above Archean cratons. Sub-Sahara in Africa and Russia together produce 80% of the ...

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Oct 16, 2015 · Kimberlite is an ultramafic rock derived from the mantle. Diamonds crystallize in the mantle well below the crust but they are carried up into the crust by the rising kimberlitic magma. Only 1% of kimberlite is economic and these are almost always found in or above Archean cratons. Sub-Sahara in Africa and Russia together produce 80% of the ... Kimberlitic perovskite and clinopyroxene from the Udachnaya-East pipe and the Daldyn kimberlite field, peridotite xenoliths from Udachnaya-East, other Siberian kimberlites, Group I and Group II kimberlites from Southern Africa are shown for comparison (the values displayed correspond to the initial isotopic compositions, calculated at the …Feb 21, 2020 · Kimberlite pipes are only found on the cratons of earth’s continents. A craton is the core or nucleus of a continent, and it represents the thickest and most stable portion of the continental mass. But most importantly, a craton represents a thick layer of silica-rich rock that extends deep into the earth. Diagrammatic guide to terminology for kimberlite body morphology and pipe zones. Body outlines a, b and c are after Fig. 1 (from Scott Smith 2008b).K2 is a steep-sided, sub-circular pipe which flares slightly with depth and is dominantly infilled by massive coherent kimberlite. The textural characteristics of the infill preserved in K2 ...Disaggregated PVKC. material to 220.15 m. Geotechnical Modelling for Kimberlite Pipes D.B. Tyler and S.J. Godden. excavation stability analysis, especially if low strength/altered kimberlite types ...Have you ever found yourself wandering down the home improvement aisles, unsure of exactly what to buy? Good news: you’re not alone. But with this quick guide, you’ll swagger with the confidence that comes with knowing exactly what type and...It then begins to form what is known as a kimberlite pipe which is an accessible cluster of the rock. These pipes are found by testing the ground for ...Kimberlite most commonly form pipe shaped intrusives often fairly small in diameter but they may also form dykes or even beds of volcanic plastics surrounding the intruded pipes. Kimberlite is basically a form of peridotite in other words composed dominantly of olivine, a particular type of chrome rich granite and you'll see why this is ...Consequently, some—if not all—kimberlites are likely to have originated from at least this depth 7. Kimberlitic magmas have been erupting on Earth for at least 2.85 billion years (Gyr) 8, and ...Kimberlite eruptions leave behind a characteristic deep, carrot-shaped "pipe" of kimberlite rock, which often contains diamonds. Hundreds of these eruptions that occurred over the past 200 million ... ….

Location map of kimberlite pipes, clusters and fields in North America, with the mid-Cretaceous kimberlite corridor demarcated by white-dashed lines. The eastern (leading) edge of Farallon slab in central North America at 100 and 90 Ma (at 403 km depth) are shown as thick and thin black-dashed line, respectively [after Spasojevic et al., 2009 ...Petrogenesis of the crater-facies Tokapal kimberlite pipe, Indravati Basin, Central India. Geosci. Front. (2014) B.R ... Petrogenesis of the diamondiferous Pipe-8 ultramafic intrusion from the Wajrakarur kimberlite field of Southern India and its relation to the worldwide Mesoproterozoic (~ 1.1 Ga) magmatism of kimberlite and ...The remainder of the kimberlite pipes (32) in the DRC have no published radiometric age data. The Tshibwe kimberlite was discovered by the MIBA corporation in 1956 and has been mined since for its diamonds (De Wit and Jelsma, 2015). It is located 53 km south-west of Mbuji-Mayi and forms a cluster with four other kimberlite pipes nearby ...A kimberlite pipe is a type of diatreme, which is often described as a narrow carrot shaped body of brecciated material believed to be the result of a gas-driven explosive event. The alkaline magma associated with diatremes typically has low silica content, high magnesium and potassium, and abundant volatiles such as CO 2 and H 2 O (Philpotts ...The kimberlite near Lattavaram is hard and compact, but slight differences in mineralogy are obvious between the two pipes at this locality. One kimberlite pipe consists predominantly of phenocrysts of olivine (Fo/sub 92/) in a medium to fine grained groundmass of magnetite-rich spinel, chromite, phlogopite and monticellite.1 Introduction. Significant variations in the physical properties of rocks of which kimberlite pipes and their enclosing environments consist make it difficult to …Kimberlite pipe shown in dark blue. Diamond habitat shown by dark blue outlined rhombi. Blue question marks indicate area of Proterozoic crust that was accreted to the Wyoming Craton along the Cheyenne Belt about 1.77 billion years ago.Aug 4, 2011 · Kimberlite pipe shown in dark blue. Diamond habitat shown by dark blue outlined rhombi. Blue question marks indicate area of Proterozoic crust that was accreted to the Wyoming Craton along the Cheyenne Belt about 1.77 billion years ago. Location map of kimberlite pipes, clusters and fields in North America, with the mid-Cretaceous kimberlite corridor demarcated by white-dashed lines. The eastern (leading) edge of Farallon slab in central North America at 100 and 90 Ma (at 403 km depth) are shown as thick and thin black-dashed line, respectively [after Spasojevic et al., 2009 ...The kimberlite field comprises an eastern and a western group consisting of 16 and 17 kimberlites, respectively. The eastern group was discovered by TCL in 1908 (Studt 1910) whilst the western group was only found in 1913 by Poulson (Fieremans 1953).The majority of the kimberlites are pipes and were originally evaluated by Société … Kimberlite pipe, This is why kimberlite pipes are the sites of most of the world's diamond mines. But diamonds are not the only passengers. Kimberlites also carry many other types of rock with them on their long ..., Jan 26, 2012 · This is why kimberlite pipes are the sites of most of the world's diamond mines. But diamonds are not the only passengers. Kimberlites also carry many other types of rock with them on their long ... , The discovery of a kimberlite pipe in South Africa in 1869 marks the beginning of the modern diamond industry. With it came the development of mining operations producing tens of millions of carats of rough diamonds each year – that includes a major discovery in Botswana in 1967, as well as other areas of Africa, Australia, Siberia and the Northwest Territories of Canada. , Kimberlite may occur in the field as dikes or pipes that crystallize near but below the surface (hypabyssal kimberlite) or as magmas that erupt volcanically (volcaniclastic kimberlite). Lamproite is the rock name given to a crystallized extrusive igneous rock that is rich in potassium and magnesium and missing the common crustal mineral feldspar., KIMBERLITE PIPE in Soutb Africa bas been extensively excavated by open-cast mining for diamonds. Tbe kimberlite deposit itself bas been removed to a deptb of a few bundred meters, so tbat tbe form of tbe original deposit is revealed by tbe size and sbape of tbe cavi­ ty. Compared witb commoner types of volcano, kimberlite pipes are, Kimberlite pipes are relatively rare geological formations. Although scientists aren’t sure how the magma pipes travel, they know the general process. This is how kimberlite pipes have formed over millions of years: Molten rock from the mantle moves upward towards the surface of the earth at a high rate of speed., This resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite becomes more massive, nonlayered kimberlite in the pipe and is often referred to as tuffisitic kimberlite breccia. This is the general kimberlite breccia present in many specimen collections. Hypabyssal kimberlite is a dense aphanitic (evenly fine-grained, non-breccia) rock occurring in the root zone. , The kimberlite field comprises an eastern and a western group consisting of 16 and 17 kimberlites, respectively. The eastern group was discovered by TCL in 1908 (Studt 1910) whilst the western group was only found in 1913 by Poulson (Fieremans 1953).The majority of the kimberlites are pipes and were originally evaluated by Société …, Kimberlites Rocks are the most important source of diamonds in the world. 6,400 kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the world, of those about 900 have been classified as diamondiferous pipes, and of those over 30 have been economic for Diamond. The Kimberley, South Africa, was the first recognized and the source of the Diamond., The Igwisi Hills are a volcanic field in Kaliua District of Tabora Region of Tanzania. Three tuff cones are found there, one of which is associated with a lava flow. They are one of the few locations of possibly kimberlitic lava flows on Earth. The volcanoes are located in the middle of the Tanzania craton, away from other Tanzanian volcanoes., Tshibwe kimberlite pipe, viewing. northwest (photo John Ward) 17 A Review of the Kimberlites of the Democratic Republic of Congo 367. Conclusions. During the past century, the DRC (alternate historic., , Kimberlites Rocks are the most important source of diamonds in the world. 6,400 kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the world, of those about 900 have been classified as diamondiferous pipes, and of those over 30 have been economic for Diamond. The Kimberley, South Africa, was the first recognized and the source of the Diamond., The kimberlite field comprises an eastern and a western group consisting of 16 and 17 kimberlites, respectively. The eastern group was discovered by TCL in 1908 (Studt 1910) whilst the western group was only found in 1913 by Poulson (Fieremans 1953).The majority of the kimberlites are pipes and were originally evaluated by Société …, Since the kimberlite pipes were initially covered by Lac de Gras, it was necessary to first construct dikes around the pipes to prevent water from flooding the open pits and underground mine workings. The A21 kimberlite pipe is also under the lake—its location is indicated by the blue dot. Photo courtesy of Diavik Diamond Mine., The sill complex, together with associated dykes, is precursor to the main Wesselton pipe and contains: 1. aphanitic kimberlite with a carbonatitic groundmass of calcite, perovskite, spine ..., Kimberlite pipe shown in dark blue. Diamond habitat shown by dark blue outlined rhombi. Blue question marks indicate area of Proterozoic crust that was accreted to the Wyoming Craton along the Cheyenne Belt about 1.77 billion years ago., Kimberlites occur as intrusive igneous rocks, generally as dykes, and pipes and some small diatremes or volcanic vents. The pipes are generally irregular structures and have not been found to exceed 2 km in diameter. The physical properties of kimberlites are variable. Physical properties from a large number of sources are tabulated. Western Australian …, The Mir mine ( Russian: кимберлитовая алмазная трубка «Мир» kimberlitovaya almaznaya trubka "Mir"; English: kimberlite diamond pipe "Peace"), also called the Mirny mine, is an open pit diamond mine located in Mirny, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian region of eastern Russia. The mine is more than 525 meters (1,722 ... , ١٦ ربيع الأول ١٤٣٤ هـ ... Peregrine Diamonds Ltd. plans to extract about 200 tonnes of ore from its CH-6 kimberlite pipe near Iqaluit this year in a bulk sample ..., Kimberlite pipes are the conduits of monogenetic diatreme volcanoes (Lorenz 1975; Sparks et al. 2006; Scott Smith 2008). They are typically 1–3 km deep, steep- ..., Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Special Publications Series, Volume 1.Since the first edition was published in 1979, the Third International Kimberlite Conference was held in Clermont-Ferrand in 1982. Nevertheless, several of the problems addressed by papers in the first edition of this publication are still valid and remain unanswered today. For example, we still do ..., Volcanic Pipe. Volcanic pipes or volcanic conduits are subterranean geological structures formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of deep-origin volcanoes.They are considered to be a type of diatreme.Volcanic pipes are composed of a deep, narrow cone of solidified magma (described as "carrot-shaped"), and are usually largely composed of one of two characteristic rock types — kimberlite or ..., The Venetia kimberlite cluster comprises 14 kimberlite pipes on a surface area of 4km². The kimberlite pipes have been intruded in synform structure. The first kimberlite, known as K1, is kidney-shaped and is the biggest kimberlites ore body in the structure, with a surface area of 12ha. , Köppen climate type: Located off Kentucky route 409. Dark blue-green kimberlite outcrops near Ison Creek (Clem Ison's farm). Massive outcrops, boulders, and loose rock are easy to collect. Decomposed peridotite can be found around old mining area and in weathered areas. Loose (but highly fractured) pyrope crystals can be found in some areas., Abstract and Figures. The magnetic signature of most kimberlite pipes is, at high magnetic latitudes, a circular anomaly. At lower magnetic latitudes, it becomes asymmetric; and at the magnetic ..., The uppermost country rock is the Cresswell Limestone Member of the Winfield Limestone, and it is folded 0.1 mile west of the pipe, and the Stovall Limestone Member of the Winfield Limestone, which lies 11 feet stratigraphically below the Cresswell Limestone Member, is faulted near the kimberlite., Storm Mountain Diamonds (SMD) operates a kimberlite diamond mine at Kao, Lesotho which is a subsidiary of Namakwa Diamonds. Email: [email protected] Tel: (+266) 525 55555 STORM ... The kimberlite pipe is the largest in Lesotho and the fourth largest in Southern Africa., A diamond, made of pure carbon, is both a jewelry gemstone and a durable material in industry. There are two types of diamonds: gem diamonds and industrial diamonds. The diamond is found in igneous rocks called kimberlite. It is a mineral c..., Figure 12. Stage I of a kimberlite eruption is overpressured, and eruption at this stage experiences the highest velocities. Stage II is underpressured, and during this stage significant wallrock erosion occurs. Stage III produces a kimberlite pipe in its final form, as shown in figure 10. Significant fallback of material can occur in Stage III., Figure 12. Stage I of a kimberlite eruption is overpressured, and eruption at this stage experiences the highest velocities. Stage II is underpressured, and during this stage significant wallrock erosion occurs. Stage III …, Sep 29, 2015 · Kimberlite, and rocks with kimberlitic affinities, have a relatively wide distribution throughout the United States. They occur in the western margin of the Appalachians from New York to Tennessee; in the central region of the U.S. including Kentucky, southern Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas, and in the Western States of Montana, Colorado, Wyoming and the Colorado Plateau. However ... , Most kimberlite pipes, however, extend only to depths of <2 km from the original eruption surface and alluvial deposits are rarely deeper than 1 km [9]. ... Infrared, photoluminescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance characteristic features of diamonds from the Aikhal pipe (Yakutia)